(b) DECENTRALIZATION (c) DELEGATION
- CENTRALISATION is the concentration of power and functions of the state, ministry, Department or Agency in a single central Authority at Headquarters
- DECENTRALISATION: is the devolution of power from the centre or Headquarters to the Districts Grassroots Local People to take decisions and inform the central Authority for approval
- DELEGATION: Is the process whereby a superior officer assigns some of his duties to the subordinate and grants him adequate authority to perform while the superior officer remains accountable for the delegated task
51. PROBLEMS OF CENTRALISATION OF POWER
- It creates the problem of remoteness especially areas of distance from the centre
- There is little involvement of the local people in decision making and implementation
- of organization policies
- It overburdens the central government
- It may lead to dictatorship
- It stifles the development of local initiative
- It can delay the implementation of central government policies at local level
- It cannot work well in heterogeneous societies
- It does not promote healthy competition fo- development at the local level and
- It does not cater for the interest of the majority
52. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY A DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION SYSTEM
- Participatory tools /structures include the following for democratic education
- P.T.A General Meetings to take decisions
- Board /SMC Policies on schools
- GES council recommends policies to MOE
- Government in power manifesto/ policies
- Parliamentary Act on education etc. form broad Spectrum of democracy in education.
- Where the people /stakeholders are involved in the formulation of policy that affects education
- The school is governed by rules and regulations and norms which is a constitution by both teachers and students.
- Teachers are governed by code of conduct, GES rules and condition's of service whiles the student are governed by norms, rules and regulation.
- The general policies of the school are determined by the Board of Governors, SMC, PTA whose positions are representatives of stakeholders and executive positives like chairman elected.
- The school prefectoral Team are elected by the students themselves to lead them.
- There exist free, fair and periodic elections of prefects and executive of PTA'S and SMC/Board chairman.
- Decision making of the school is based on majority consent or view
- Time and the rules of law regulate the conduct of both students and Teachers.
- The people representative determine the general policies of the school, dress code, levies for schooling, improvement, programmes to be offered, Incentives packages to teachers, giving the direction of the school, debate, analyzed and agreed by the peoples representatives involved.
53. WHAT IS THE ARAB SPRING / REVOLUTION
Because of dictatorship and lack of democratic institution's in the Arab world some leaders have ruled for 40 years, 30years. In Tunisia a man called Mohammed Buazizi immolated/set himself ablaze in the market square in Tunisia against tyrannical rule which the president resign. The Hero is locally called Basboosa and his action of unemployment triggered of demonstration, mutiny arson and revolution in Egypt for overthrow of Mubarak rule.
The revolution brought awareness and demand for Democratic rule in Yemen, Bahrein, Syria. This is the "Arab spring" or Revolution.
54. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY THE WASTINGTON CONSENSUS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA DEVELOPMENT
Agreement amongst group of industrialized "Rich" countries to give loans, grants, Technical Assistant to developing countries with conditionality of
- (a) Practice of Democratic rule with good governance
- (b) Human Rights track record of citizens
- (c) Sound financial governance
- (d) Free market. Trade Liberalization
- (e) Periodic elections and independence judiciary and Electoral commission
- (f) Free press and media independence
- (g) Transparency, Accountability and fight against corruption
- (h) Austerity measures to satisfy the IMF", World Bank.
- (I) Removal of subsides.
55. EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS
- 1. Accepting agreements, conventions that may not be in the interest of Africa.
- 2. Trade Liberalization, Gay Rights for Aid, loans.
- 3. Accepting Refugees from other countries
- 4 Stifling of local industries through trade liberalization
- 5 Increase in crime e.g, drag trafficking. Armed Robbery, smuggling etc.
- 6. Dumping of harmful/ inferior goods
- 7. Financial and Technical assistance which may not be in the interest of nations.
- 8. ' Self reliance is undermined to a large extent.
- 9. Culture adulteration — Gayism, Homosexual etc.
- 10. Peace keeping mission. Sending men to keep peace
